Distribution System White Papers
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EPA worked with stakeholders to develop a series of "white papers" on distribution system issues that serve as background material for EPA, expert and stakeholder discussions.
Two white papers, The Potential for Health Risks from Intrusion of Contaminants into the Distribution System from Pressure Transients, and Deteriorating Buried Infrastructure Management Challenges and Strategies, were prepared by the American Water Works Service Company.
Five white papers, Permeation and Leaching, Nitrification, Finished Water Storage Facilities, Effects of Water Age on Distribution System Water Quality, New or Repaired Water Mains, were prepared by the American Water Works Association.
These papers present available information and do not represent agency policy or necessarily reflect the views of EPA.
- The Potential for Health Risks from Intrusion of Contaminants into the Distribution System from Pressure Transients (pdf)
- Potential Contamination Due to Cross-Connections and Backflow and the Associated Health Risks (pdf)
- Deteriorating Buried Infrastructure Management Challenges and Strategies (pdf)
- Permeation & Leaching (pdf)
- Nitrification (pdf)
- Health Risks From Microbial Growth and Biofilms in Drinking Water Distribution Systems (pdf)
- Finished Water Storage Facilities (pdf)
- Effects of Water Age on Distribution System Water Quality (pdf)
- New or Repaired Water Mains (pdf)